Primary Sources (Images)

Leonardo da Vinci. “A Treatise on Paintings”. 

Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:Da Vinci Studies of Embryos Luc Viatour.jpg," Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Da_Vinci_Studies_of_Embryos_Luc_Viatour.jpg&oldid=896956913 (accessed April 12, 2025).

Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:Leonardo-skull.jpg," Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Leonardo-skull.jpg&oldid=1009698886 (accessed April 12, 2025).

Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:DaVinciCardiovascularWoman.jpg," Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DaVinciCardiovascularWoman.jpg&oldid=882462766 (accessed April 12, 2025).

Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:Leonardo da Vinci - presumed self-portrait - WGA12798.jpg," Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_presumed_self-portrait_-_WGA12798.jpg&oldid=919169675 (accessed April 12, 2025).

Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:Leonardo da vinci, Heart and its Blood Vessels.jpg," Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Leonardo_da_vinci,_Heart_and_its_Blood_Vessels.jpg&oldid=441042685 (accessed April 12, 2025).

Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:Leonardo da Vinci - RCIN 919012, Recto The skeleton.jpg," Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_919012,_Recto_The_skeleton.jpg&oldid=983808187 (accessed April 12, 2025).

Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:Leonardo da Vinci - Anatomical studies of the shoulder - WGA12824.jpg," Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Anatomical_studies_of_the_shoulder_-_WGA12824.jpg&oldid=661622881 (accessed April 12, 2025).
 

Secondary Sources

BENESCH, O. “LEONARDO DA VINCI AND THE BEGINNING OF SCIENTIFIC DRAWING.” American Scientist 31, no. 4 (1943): 311–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27826007.

Clayton, M. and Philo, R. Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomist. Royal Collection Trust. (13). 2012.

Jose, A M. “Anatomy and Leonardo Da Vinci.” The Yale journal of biology and medicine, 2001. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC258

Leonardo Da Vinci As An Anatomist. (1917). [Review of Leonardo Da Vinci: Quaderni D’ Anatomia. Ii. Ventiquattro Fogli Della Royal Library Di Windsor. Cuore: Anatomia E Fisiologia, by O. C. L. Vangenster, A. Fonahn, & H. Hopstock]. The British Medical Journal, 1(2932), 336–336. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20306713

Leonardo, d. Vinci., Saunders, J. B. deC. M. (John Bertrand deCusance Morant)., O'Malley, C. Donald. (1952). Leonardo da Vinci on the human body: the anatomical, physiological, and embryological drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. New York: H. Schuman.

Rosand, D. (2012). READING THE FIGURE. Source: Notes in the History of Art, 31/32(4/1), 36–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41552784

Sterpetti, Antonio V. “Leonardo Da Vinci (1452–1519) | Circulation Research.” AHAJournals.org, February 28, 2019. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.314391.