Image Credits

"Tangut city with Buddhist stupas." British Library, photo 392/29(115), “North-west corner of K.K. [Khara-khoto], with stupas and breach from north-east,” taken during the Stein expedition between 1913 and 1916. Innermost Asia, vol. 1, fig. 241. Khara-khoto, China. https://idp.bl.uk/collection/CD479574FAD5445790B4D3C83B9B21FC. © British Library.

"Sketch plan of ruined town of Khara-Khoto." Stein, Marc Aurel. Innermost Asia: Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia, Kan-Su and Eastern Īrān. NII “Digital Silk Road” / Toyo Bunko. https://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/T-VIII-5-A-a-3/V-3/page/0333.html.en. © 2003–2019 National Institute of Informatics and The Toyo Bunko. All rights reserved.

"Tangut manuscript scroll, Buddhist Sutra." British Library, Or.12380/3899, 1000–1400, ink on paper, discovered at Khara-khoto during the Stein expedition. https://idp.bl.uk/collection/B9C15897EC434722BD61C171AA666124/. © British Library.

"Fragment of a Buddhist book page." The State Hermitage Museum, 12th–14th century, painted on paper, from Khara-Khoto, Western Xia state. Inventory no. ХХ-3491. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/digital-collection/539066?lng=ru. © 1998–2025 The State Hermitage Museum. All rights reserved.

"Buddanamasutra (Sutra of the Names of the Buddhas)." The State Hermitage Museum, 12th–13th century, ink on paper, from Khara-Khoto, Western Xia state. Inventory no. ХХ-2540. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/digital-collection/477344?lng=ru. © 1998–2025 The State Hermitage Museum. All rights reserved.

"Physiognomy – Divination by Facial Features (fragment)." The State Hermitage Museum, 12th century, ink on paper, from Khara-Khoto, Western Xia state. Inventory no. ХХ-2532. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/digital-collection/477332?lng=ru. © 1998–2025 The State Hermitage Museum. All rights reserved.

"Uyghur Donor Family." The State Hermitage Museum, 9th–10th century, painting on loess, from the Shikshin Monastery site near Karashar, Central Asia. Inventory no. ШШ-803. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/digital-collection/564090?lng=ru. © 1998–2025 The State Hermitage Museum. All rights reserved.

"Tibetan manuscript." British Library, IOL Tib M 54, undated, ink on paper, from Khara-Khoto, excavated by Aurel Stein, 1913–1916. https://idp.bl.uk/collection/20FD619A62434F9BB3CB38433C3EF571/. © British Library."Collected Glossary of Remote Regions, First Series (Jueyu Fangyan Ji Di Yi Zhong)." Gule Mocai (Tangut). Stone-printed facsimile edition based on the Tangut Qianyou woodblock edition. Published in 1924 by Yi'an Hall Classics Bookstore. https://kokusho.nijl.ac.jp/biblio/100354804/3?ln=ja. CC BY-NC 4.0.

Bibliography

Shi, Jinbo. 西夏文教程 = a Tangut course. Beijing, China: Social Sciences Academic Press (China), 2013. 

Shi, Jinbo. 西夏文化研究 = Research on the Culture of Western Xia. Beijing, China: Social Sciences Academic Press (China), 2015. 

Sun, Jimin, Kun Song, and Ruiqing Chen. 俄藏黑水城漢文非佛教文獻整理與研究 = A Research on Non-Buddhist Chinese Literature from the Khara-Khoto — Region Reserved in Russia. Beijing, China: Beijing Normal University Publishing Group, 2012.

Wang, Tianshun. 西夏学概论 = An Introduction to Western Xia Studies. Lanzhou: Gansu wenhua, 1995.